Wp/nth/Northumbrian dialect

Northumbrian is a dialect ov English spoken i the English pairt o historic Northumbria, consistin o the coounties an Northumberland an Durham i the North East region o the country. It is aiblins the maist divergent form ov English spoken the day. There's folk at's caain for it te be seen as its awn language, but others is again the idea acause they dinnet want te create a split atween Northumbria and the rest ov England.

Dialects

 * Tyneside or Geordie
 * Northren
 * Westren
 * Soothren
 * Wearside
 * Sooth Durham dialect (transitional wi North Yorkshire dialect)

History


Linguists recognises fower dialects ov Awd English: Northumbrian, Mercian, Kentish and West Saxon. The Northumbrian dialect (Awd English: Norðanhymbrisċ) wes spoken i the Kingdom o Northumbria (frae the Humber on the east coast o Northren England te the Firth o Forth i the Scottish Lawlands). Modren Scots, Northumbrian an other Northren English dialects, sic as North Yorkshire dialect, aa cam frae Northumbrian. It differed frae the dialects spoken iv other Kingdoms, especially West Saxon, the main dialect ov Awd English. Modren Standard English originated frae the East Midland dialect o Mercia.

The Angles browt their language (Englisc) te Northumbria i the 6th century. Awd Northumbrian wes first written doon i poems sic as Cædmon's Hymn c. 658-680, Bede's Deeth Sang c. 700 AD and the Leiden Riddle. The language is attested i the Lindisfarne Gospels c. 900 AD an aa, an i modren Scotland as a cairved runic text, The Dream o the Rood, an on the Ruthwell Cross c. 750 AD. Soothren Noruthumbria wes later taen ower by the Dens (867–883 AD) an the language wes influenced by Awd Norse. Follaïn the Northumbrian defeat at the Battle o Carham, Lothian wes annexed by Scotland i 970 by the Gaelic-speakin Kenneth III, but the local population wes still allooed te talk their awn language, then knawn as Inglis. Eventually, the language north o the border becam knawn as Scottis or Scots.

The unknawn writier o the Middle English Cursor Mundi c. 1300. a religious poem at is set i Northren Ingland), said soothren English texts hed te be translated inte Norhtren dialects for folk tiv understand they war readin. Ralph Higden i 1364 described the Northumbrian dialect as varra diffult for soothren folk tiv understand, an thwot this reason for this wes that the fact that the Northumbrians neiboured "fremd men an nations that spak strangely" (meanin the Scots); John o Trevisa spak aboot nearby "strange men and aliens" in discussin Northren English forby. In c. 1440 Osbern Bokenham spak aboot Scots' influence on Northren English iv his Mappula Angliae an aa.

By the 14th century, Lallans (Lawland Scots) becam the main language o the Lawlands (nut includin Gaelic-speakin Galloway). Hooiver, iv England the status o Northumbrian wes aaready declinin by the 16 the century. Northumbrian speech wes consithered less gentle by soothren English folk, and as the English state becam mair centralised, texts i Midland and Soothren English becam the basis o the standard language. Although mony letters, poems an newspaper airticles wes written i Northumbrian dialect i the 19th an 20th centuries, schuils garred speakers o Northumbrian te lairn Standard English.

Modren Northumbrie byleid
The Northumbrian dialect is considthered a separate Anglic language varieity te Modren Standard English by the Northumbrian Language Society acause the dialect kythed lang afore Standard English. The society recognises fower main dialects o Northumbrian: Geordie, Pitmatic, Northren (frae the North o the River Coquet, through Alnwick an up te Berwick); an westren (frae Allendale through Hexham an up te Kielder). It is aiblins the maist kenspeckle dialect iv England the.

Geordie (spoken in an aroond Newcastle) is the maist weel-knawn form o Northumbrian. It hes mony words an features in common wi Scots (sic as toon, canny an gang). Acause o this, the folk, dialects an accents o nearby Sunderland (knawn bi the nickname Mackem ), Sooth Shields (nicknamed Sand Dancers ) Middlesbrough (nicknamed Smoggies ) an other pairts o Teesside an Durham at's pairt o North East England is often mistaen for Geordie by fowk at isn't frae the area. But locals frae Wearside, Durham and Teesside often regairds this as offensive and maintains their awn separate identities frae Tyneside.

80% o distinct Northumbrian an Geordie dialect words is Anglo-Saxon iv origin.

Classification in relation te English an Scots
The Northumbrian Language Society (NLS), foonded i 1983 te research, presarve and promote the Northumbrian language variety, consithers it distinct eneugh frae Modren Standard English te be its awn separate separate Anglic language, acause Northumbrian mutually intelligible wi standard English i their spoken forms. Northumbrian aiblins hes a closer relationship wi Modren Scots, and baith the NLS regard as distinct languages derived frae Awd English but close relatives; hooiver, mainstream scholarly sources regairds them as essentially the same language wi minor differences. The similarities atween the twe varieties aren't commonly or formally recognised, mebby acause o sensitivities on baith sides o the border. The status o baith Scots an Northumbrian as either languages or dialects remains open te debate.