Wp/nth/England



England is a country at is pairt o the United Kingdom. It shares land borders wi Wales te its west and Scotland tiv its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea area o the Atlantic Ocean te the soothwest. It is separated frae continental Europe by the North Sea te the east and the English Channel te the sooth. The country covers five-aighths o the island o Greet Britain, at lies i the North Atlantic, and includes ower 100 smaaer islands, sic as the Isles o Scilly and the Isle o Wight.

The area noo caad England wes furst inhabited by modren humans durin the Upper Paleolithic period, but takes its name fromfraethe Angles, a Germanic tribe derivin their name frae the Anglia peninsula, at sattled durin the 5th and 6th centuries. England becam a unified state i the 10th century and hes had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider warld sin the Age of Discovery, at began durin the 15th century.

The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law, at collectively sarved as the basis for the common law legal systems o mony other countries aroond the world, developed iv England, and the country's parliamentary system o govrenment hes been widely adopted biv other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transformin its society inte the world's furst industrialised nation. England is hame te the twe auldest institutions o higher lairnin i the English-speakin warld an aa, the Univarsity o Cambridge, foonded i 1209, and the Univarsity o Oxford, foonded i 1096, at is baith routinely ranked amang the maist prestigious univarsities globally.

England's terrain is chiefly law hills and plains, especially in the Midlands and south. Upland and mountainous terrain is maistly restricted te the north and west, includin the Lake District, Pennines, Dartmoor and Shropshire Hills. The capital is London, whese greeter metropolitan population of 14.2 million as o 2021 represents the United Kingdom's mucklest metropolitan area. England's population o 56.3 million comprises 84% o the population o the United Kingdom, maistly concentrated aroond London, the Sooth East, and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East, and Yorkshire, at ilk developed as major industrial regions durin the 19th century.

The Kingdom of England, at included Wales efter 1535, ceased bein a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707, when the Acts o Union put intiv effect the terms agreed i the Treaty o Union the previous year, resultin iv a political union wi the Kingdom o Scotland te create the Kingdom o Greet Britain. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union te become the United Kingdom o Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded frae the United Kingdom, leadin te the latter bein renamed the United Kingdom o Greet Britain and Northren Ireland.

Toponymy
The name "England" is derived frae the Auld English name Englaland, at means "land o the Angles". The Angles wes ane o the Germanic tribes at sattled i Greet Britain durin the Early Middle Ages. The Angles cam frae the Anglia peninsula i the Bay o Kiel area (present-day German state o Schleswig-Holstein) o the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use o the term, as "Engla londe", is i the late-ninth-century translation intiv Auld English o Bede's Ecclesiastical History o the English People. The term wes then used iv a different sense te the modern ane, meanin "the land inhabited by the English", and it included English folk i what is noo sooth-east Scotland but wes then pairt o the English kingdom o Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that the Domesday Beuk o 1086 covered the hale ov England, meanin the English kingdom; but it didn't include Durham, Northumberland nor maist Cumberland an Westmorland, at wes maist likely independent fiefdoms at that time. Hooiver, a few years later the Chronicle stated that King Malcolm III went "out of Scotlande into Lothian in Englaland", thus usin it in the mair ancient sense.

The earliest attested reference te the Angles occurs i the 1st-century wark by Tacitus, Germania, at the Latin word Anglii is used in. The etymology o the tribal name itsel is disputed by scholars; it hes been suggested at it derives frae the shape o the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. Hoo and why a term derived frae the name ov a tribe at wes ne mair significant nor the others, sic as the Saxons, cam te be used for the hale country and its folk isn't knawn, but it seems this is related te the custom o caain the Germanic people i Britain Angli Saxones or English Saxons te distinguish em frae the continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) ov Auld Saxony atween the rivers Weser and Eider i Northren Germany. I Scottish Gaelic, another language at developed on the island o Greet Britain, the Saxon tribe gav their name te the word for England Sasunn; similarly, the Welsh name for the English language is Saesneg". A romantic name for England is Loegria, related te the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, and made popular biv its use iv Arthurian legend. Albion is applied tiv England iv a mair poetic capacity an aa, though its original meanin refers te the hale island o Britain