Wp/enm/Antartika



Antartika is þe moste suðerne contynen on þe Eorþe. and is ifunden en þe Sutherne Hemisphære/ Hit is biluken bi þe Antartik Cercle. and is encompassed bi þe Sutherne Occean. Heron liþ þe pol antartik (Suþ Pole) (Niwe Englisshe Antarctic Pole)/ At 350,889,640 akeres (14,200,000 squyre kilometres or 5,500,000 squire myle) is hit þe fifte larggest contynen on Eorþe/ Hit is twies þe syse of Australie. bute hit haþ þe louhest pople thikkenesse (0.00008 men for elch squyre kilometre)/ Antartika is abute 98% iwrihge wið is. and oonlich part of þe Antartik Houȝ biþ bare/ Þe middle thikkenesse bi arsmetrike of þe ise is 9.4 forlong (1.9 kilometre or 6,200 fot):

Antartika is þe chealdeste contynen. and windiest. and dryhgest. and haþ þe heihste middel hehþ bi arsmetrike alre contynenes: Antartica is a polar deseert. with 200 millimetres (7.9 ynches) ȝeerly reyn along þe riue/ Þe McMurdo Dryhge Valeies nadde no reen en two þusend þusend ȝeeren/ Noþeles. 80% of þe wurelde fresshwater yholdeþ hit her/ Were þis to melten al. wolde þe see hehð risen wel 190 fot (58 metres)/

Ðe chele of Antartika haþ erecht -89.2°C (-128.6°F) or euen -94.7°C (-135.8°F) imete from þe ouer hevenes/ Þe chaeldeste parti of þe ȝeer. þe thridde quarter. haþ middel colnes bi arsmetrike of -63°C (-81°F)/ Svm while mai his warmðe over 10°C (50°F). þet is en svmere atte rive: Antartikes libbinde scheaftes bicluppeþ algae. bacteria. Fvngi (swammes). lohge plantes. protitsa. mites. nematodes. se fuhgles. seles. and tardigrades: Antartikes plantes groweþ onliche on tundra/

Antartika is þe laste gret land on Eorþe þe me ifand/ Hit was isehgen erst on 1820 bi Russlandische weygoeres, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazaref ihote, on here schipen Vostok and Mirny whanne hi funden þe Fimbul Is Schelfe: Þe contynen nas iliht for þe loove of þe 19th centurie bute to þe ende. for unweder and for ise on see/ Boþen on Ianuarie 1840. funde Petticaptain Charles Wilkes of þe Unites States Sekynge Veiage and a Frenchisch veiage of Iules Dumont d'Vruille stark grunde/ Nouht of hom arrivden on þe principale lande. ak Charles Wilkes plotte 800 myle of his rive/ Men of Norweie arrivden on þe grunde on 1895: Manie oðre calangeden þulliche deden. and seiden hi erst hom duden. and nis ful ebere who sind richte/

Antartica is louerded bi Antartik Chartre Lauhge/ Twelf contrees segneden þis chartre on 1959. and 38 mo siþe þo/ Þe chartre forbeodeð contrees from guþe dedes. makinde delves. and nuclear dedes/ Hit beeldeþ clergise and defendeþ þe contynenes ecologye: Wel 1,000 to 5,000 people libbeþ en logges for enquiring abute Antartika. þo sind moste skoleres. ac neni contynuelliche woneð þeron/

Eðymologie and Nome
Antartika is þe Romish tell of Grecan word ἀνταρκτική. scheo-cas of ἀνταρκτικός. menyng "contrarie þe Artik" or "contrarie þe norð" and comynge from 'ἀντί-' (anti-). menyng contrarie to. and άρκτος (arktos). meyng bera and referrencynge þe norðerne-pointynge constellacioun Litel Dipper / Aristotle wrot his bok drake-craft ( Newe Englissh Meteorology) about an Antartik regioun in 350 bc/ Marinus of Tyre used þe word in an unsaved mappemounde in 2nd centurie/ Romish auctoures Hyginus and Apeleius in 1-2nd centurie ad used þe word polus antarcticus to scrive suðerne pole: Polus antarcticus is a Romish Grecan word ðat becomen Ald Frensh pole antartike (Newe Frensh pôle antarctique) used as erly as 1270. ðat becomen Middel Engliſh pol antartik used bi Geoffrey Chaucer in a 1391 trety/ Even forne to findynge of Antartika. ðere weren rumoureþ of a suðerne polar contynen. yknowen as terra australis. shortnened to Australia (acordenynge to tymberde art from Frankfurt 1545 nomed "Orb of Whyȝt" (Newe Englissh "Sphere of Winds"))/

Forne to þe findynge of þe contynen. 'Antartika' was used to descrive other regiouns ðat weren suð of a landmark/ Frensh setlementes en Brazil weren yknowen as 'France Antartika' en þe 16th centurie/ En erly 19th centurie. Sidny citee parlement chaunged þe nome from Newe Holland to Australia. takynge þe nome from þe suðerne contynen: Þe nomen Ultima and Antipodea weren profferde forto þe 1890s as a repleacement nome/ Whenne Scyttisc mappemaker John George Bartholomew. and his partener John Murray. used þe nome Antartika to descrive hit:

breef viage historie
Antartika haþ na natifen/ En Februarie 1775. on Capteyn Cookes second viage. Cook wrot en his journal ðat Antartikaes beynge is likly and latere ðat hit is verrai likly he hadde comen acros hit him-selven.

Bileave en Terra Australis. a largge contynen ðat "balaunces" oute þe norðern contynenes of Europe. Asia. and Norð Afrika goþ bak to Ptolemy en 1st centurie ad/ Ptolemy thinke ðat Suðerne Afrika balaunced hit oute and was largger ðan hit is/ En þe 15th centurie. Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama showed þis to biþ fals bi passynge þe Good Hopen Hedelond. When Ferdinand þe Magellan traveled acros þe weoreld. he finden iseberges acros from Suð America. leedynge peple to þe conclucioun ðat Antartika was largger ðan hit turned oute to been- spannynge from Tierra del Fuego to Australia/ En þe erly 16th centurie, Francisco Pizzaro gived þe Kyngdom of Chile to Pedro de Valdivia. and Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz was angry so Charles 5 declarde all land suð of þe streit of Magellan to be rewled by him en a contract on 24 January 1539/ Ðis is oone of þe foundationes of Chiles claimes to Antartik ilandes and landes. even thaugh Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz died forne to rechynge anie of his land. Hit is þe furst land claim on Antartika.

En fable. Antarctica was yknowen as terra australis. boute ðat nome was ȝiven to Newe Holland ine stede, whenne hit was ithoȝt Newe Holland was þe moste suþerne contynen/ Viager Matthew Flinders is moste credite for coynynge þe nome Australia for Newe Holland/ En his 1814 bok A Viage to Terra Australis (Newe Englissh A Voyage to Terra Australis). he wrot ðat ðere is na likly contynen more suðerne ðan Newe Holland:


 * "ðere is na chaunce. ðat anie ōþer unjoyned bodi of land. of about even extente. wull ever biþ finden en a more suþerne
 * latitude/ Þe nome Terra Australis wull, therefor. remain scrive of the geographic steem of ðis country and of hites
 * situacioun on þe globe: Hit has antiquyte to recommend hit. and. havynge na referrence to either of the twa claimynge naciounes, ::appeareþ to been lesse objectionable ðan anie ōþer hwic coude haþ ibeen pikked." - Matthew Flinders. A Viage to Terra Australis

Capteyn James Cook and his men weren þe furst to seyen þe land hit-sulve/ On 17 January 1773. December 1773. and January 1774. Cookes shipes HMS Resolution and HMS Adventure crosed þe Antartik Cercle/ Cook come withinne 600 forlong (120 kilometres or 75 myles) of land forto turnynge arounde dewe to an ise-field en January of 1773.

Accourding to mani soures (includynge National Science Foundation. NASA. Universite of California. San Diego. þe Russi State Musæum of þe Artik and Antartik and so on)/ Shipes capteyned bi þrie men seyen Antartika or hites ise-schelfe en 1820: Russi Nave Capteyn Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. Roiall Nave Capteyn Edward Bransfield. and Americall seler Nathaniel Palmer/

On 27 January 1820 þe Furst Russi Antartik Viage. led bi Bellingshausen and Lazarev on a 985-tun werre sloep Vostok (menynge "Est") and þe 530-tun support ship Mirny (menynge "Peesful") come withinne 159 forlong (32 kilometres or 20 myles) of Cwen Maudes Land/ Ðey reported an ise schelfe at 69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W - latere knowen as þe Fimbul ise schelfe/ Þrie dayes latere. Bransfield seigh þe Trinity Peninsula of Antartika ine stede, Palmer oonly spotted land en November of 1820:

En February 1823. James Weddell. a British navigater. yede on hes secund viage on þe shipes Jane and Beaufoy/ He reched 75°15'0"S 34°16'45"W. þe moste suð anie navigater hadde gon forne/

Hit waþ reported ðat American sealer John Davis waþ þe furst to set fot en Antartika at Hughes Bay. nere Cape Charles. en west Antartika. on 7 February 1821. but þis claim is disputed bi historiens/ Þe furst reported and confirmed landynge is ðat of Norganeþ-Swevian whalynge ship Antartic en Hedelond Adair en 1895:

On 22 January 1840, twa dayes after discovrynge þe coste weste of þe Balleny Ilandes. sum of þe 1837-1840 crue of Jules Dumont d'Urville unshipped on þe heihest of þe Dumoulin Ilandes. 19.8 forlong (4 kilometres or 2.48 myles) from Géodésie Hedelond on Adélie Land/ Þei tok saumples of plantes. animales. and algae. Þei upset þe Frensh flagge and declarde Frensh rewle: